How exactly does OpenVPN’s tls-auth option apply HMAC to packet messages?

Update: I’ve been able to work out everything I was asking about packet structure when I was finally able to get Wireshark to work, but there is one last thing I’m confused on which I detail at the end of the question.
Original question:
I… Continue reading How exactly does OpenVPN’s tls-auth option apply HMAC to packet messages?

Is providing a static TLS key during an OpenVPN handshake useless for commercial providers?

When using OpenVPN, tls-auth and tls-crypt are widely adopted options, allowing a static key to be used in the initial handshake. This helps prevent against DoS attacks, as without the valid key a client will be disregarded almost instantl… Continue reading Is providing a static TLS key during an OpenVPN handshake useless for commercial providers?

Is protecting against Meltdown and Spectre on virtual servers actually possible?

I’ve been reading into the Meltdown and Spectre bugs recently and the issues they cause for virtualised servers, as memory in one VM can potentially be accessed by another user in a separate VM with the same host.
I found this article on D… Continue reading Is protecting against Meltdown and Spectre on virtual servers actually possible?