World’s oldest skin preserved in extraordinarily rare fossil find

The oldest known fossil skin samples resemble modern crocodile skin, the team says

Scientists have discovered the oldest known skin fossils, dating back long before the dinosaurs. The samples, found in a cave in Oklahoma, USA, show that reptile scales haven’t changed much in the last 286 million years.

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Strange trees in world’s oldest forest ripped themselves apart to grow

An artist's impression of a forest full of Calamophyton trees

Scientists have uncovered the oldest fossilized forest, dating back 390 million years to a time when life was just getting a foothold on land. The ancient forest was made up of the first trees to ever grow on Earth – bizarre “prototype” trees that had to rip their skeletons apart in order to grow.

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Oldest wooden structure, half a million years old, predates our species

Archaeologists excavating the oldest known wooden structure, dating back around 476,000 years

Stone Age builders may have been using other materials as well, according to a new study. Archaeologists have discovered the oldest evidence of artificial structures made of wood, dating back almost half a million years – predating the appearance of our own species and suggesting our relatives settled down much earlier than we thought.

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Scientists clash over world’s oldest penis carving

University of Bordeaux researchers believe this small, carved graphite pendant looks like a penis

Scientists are divided over whether there’s a new “earliest known sexed anthropomorphic representation,” in the form of a 4.3-cm (1.69-in) carved graphite pendant that University of Bordeaux archaeologists believe is supposed to be a penis.

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Mysterious hominin made world’s oldest burial site, study claims

A reconstruction of Homo naledi’s head by paleoartist John Gurche

Scientists have discovered evidence of what may be the world’s oldest known human burial. The team argues that several Homo naledi remains, dating back about 300,000 years, show signs of having been intentionally buried in a chamber deliberately marked with symbols, suggesting complex funerary behavior. But other scientists aren’t so sure.

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World’s oldest known blueprints detail to-scale desert megastructures

An ancient megastructure called a

It’s hard to imagine constructing a building without a detailed plan, but when exactly did humans first start doing that? Archeologists have discovered the oldest known blueprints, with a 9,000-year-old rock carving in Jordan depicting a to-scale plan for a nearby megastructure.

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Ancient skeletons suggest humans were riding horses 5,000 years ago

Archeologists have discovered what may be some of the earliest evidence yet of humans riding horses

Horses were likely the first “vehicle” humans used to travel faster and farther, but when exactly did we start riding them? Scientists at the University of Helsinki have now found archeological evidence that suggests horseback riding started some 5,000 years ago.

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World’s oldest vertebrate brain found in 319-million-year-old fossil

The fossilized skull of a fish, with a penny for scale, contains the oldest preserved brain of a vertebrate at 319 million years old

Most of what we know about ancient extinct animals comes from their bones, since soft tissues don’t usually fossilize well. But now, scientists have discovered the oldest preserved vertebrate brain, in a fossilized fish almost 320 million years old.

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World’s oldest vertebrate brain found in 319-million-year-old fossil

The fossilized skull of a fish, with a penny for scale, contains the oldest preserved brain of a vertebrate at 319 million years old

Most of what we know about ancient extinct animals comes from their bones, since soft tissues don’t usually fossilize well. But now, scientists have discovered the oldest preserved vertebrate brain, in a fossilized fish almost 320 million years old.

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Record-breaking 2-million-year-old DNA reveals long-lost ecosystem

An artist's impression of the ecosystem that lived in Greenland 2 million years ago, as revealed by the world's oldest DNA samples

The record for world’s oldest surviving DNA has been shattered. An international team of scientists has discovered DNA that dates back 2 million years, preserved in Ice Age sediment that captures an entire ecosystem of known – and unknown – lifeforms.

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