Why does IPsec has a "partial" replay protection? If we drop all packets outside the moving window, then where is the threat?

IPsec is said to have "partial" replay protection because if a packet arrives outside the window, we can’t track it, so we have to make a choice: do we risk and accept it, or do we drop it?
If we drop all these outside-window pa… Continue reading Why does IPsec has a "partial" replay protection? If we drop all packets outside the moving window, then where is the threat?

Why is IPsec transport mode "vulnerable" for not having integrity of variable fields? Why is this so important?

With IPsec transport mode we CAN’T have integrity of variable fields (eg TTL and checksum).
Why is it a problem? Is it? What could be the attack?
I think TTL expire or checksum modification (so both DoS), but I mean, if an attacker can mod… Continue reading Why is IPsec transport mode "vulnerable" for not having integrity of variable fields? Why is this so important?

What attacks can be performed by changing header of IP packet if I apply only ESPv2 of IPsec(so not providing intergrity for the IP header)

For ESPv2 I’m referring to this: https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2406 so the version which supports of course confidentiality, but also authentication ONLY FOR THE PAYLOAD, NOT of the IP header.
My professor warns against using ES… Continue reading What attacks can be performed by changing header of IP packet if I apply only ESPv2 of IPsec(so not providing intergrity for the IP header)

What attacks can be performed by changing header of IP packet if I apply only ESPv2(so confidentiality and integrity of payload(no header integrity))?

What attacks can occur by altering the IP packet header with only ESPv2 (so having ONLY payload confidentiality&integrity but NOT integrity)?
My professor warns against using ESPv2 without header integrity due to potential header manip… Continue reading What attacks can be performed by changing header of IP packet if I apply only ESPv2(so confidentiality and integrity of payload(no header integrity))?

Why does IPsec use tunnel-mode for an external laptop? Could transport-mode be used? Why can’t a gateway control access in transport-mode?

In an IPsec Secure gateway setup, why is tunnel-mode used when an external laptop wants to access an internal service protected by a firewall? Is tunnel-mode necessary or could transport-mode be used instead? Why can’t a gateway perform ac… Continue reading Why does IPsec use tunnel-mode for an external laptop? Could transport-mode be used? Why can’t a gateway control access in transport-mode?

What if in IPsec I have confidentiality BUT NOT integrity? What are the dangers?

ESP in IPsec v2 only provides integrity of the payload, not of the header. So my question is about that. The possible dangers in not having integrity of header, while having ESP active for payload.
What are the potential risks if an attack… Continue reading What if in IPsec I have confidentiality BUT NOT integrity? What are the dangers?