Shopify OAuth: State parameter useful when the auth server also returns a signed shop id?

Background: I think I understand how the state parameter is used in oAuth to prevent CSFR attacks against the redirect_uri.

Situation: I am looking at this in the context of implementing a Shopify App and am having problems … Continue reading Shopify OAuth: State parameter useful when the auth server also returns a signed shop id?

How to harden against credential stealing in EC2 via the http://169.254.169.254 API?

AWS has a feature called Instance Metadata, which on EC2 gives you access to the AWS credentials through HTTP calls:

curl http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/iam/security-credentials/<role>

The feature itself is intentional, t… Continue reading How to harden against credential stealing in EC2 via the http://169.254.169.254 API?

How does a CDN actually prevent DDoS attacks, when an origin server accepts direct connections?

I am trying to understand how a CDN (like Cloudflare e.g) does protect against a DDoS attack.

I would think that the internet traffic is routed through a CDN’s reverse proxy, then filtered. This assumes that the DNS record o… Continue reading How does a CDN actually prevent DDoS attacks, when an origin server accepts direct connections?