How do we protect digital data (whether in critical online/offline data centre or personal disk) from man-made EMPs? [duplicate]

How do we protect digital data (whether in critical online/offline data centre or personal disk) from man-made EMPs, such as nuclear EMPs, non-nuclear EMPs weapons, etc.
Is E1 EMP indefensible?

Continue reading How do we protect digital data (whether in critical online/offline data centre or personal disk) from man-made EMPs? [duplicate]

why is supporting digest authentication necessary instead of other more secure ways like applying non-reversible transformation to password?

Why is supporting digest authentication necessary instead of other more secure ways like applying non-reversible transformation to password to encrypt them? Is it because the receiving end cannot process and verify?

Continue reading why is supporting digest authentication necessary instead of other more secure ways like applying non-reversible transformation to password?

What are the technical reasons not to use non-reversible transformation when encrypting password in database? [duplicate]

What are the technical reasons not to use non-reversible transformation when encrypting password in database? That way, even when password database is leaked, nobody can read any password. If it is reversible ,it would fail to comply with … Continue reading What are the technical reasons not to use non-reversible transformation when encrypting password in database? [duplicate]