How to check if a PCI device is trusted or untrusted by the Linux kernel (for IOMMU)?

I am looking into the protection provided by IOMMU against DMA attacks.
I noticed that the Linux kernel provides a feature called bounce buffers for untrusted PCI devices (https://lwn.net/Articles/786558/) when the device drivers allocate … Continue reading How to check if a PCI device is trusted or untrusted by the Linux kernel (for IOMMU)?

Can I know kernel address layout and memory mapped IO layout from the user privilege in linux kernel?

My current understanding is that the user does not have any way of knowing the kernel address space layout due to the protection mechanisms such as Kernel Address Space Layout Randomization (KASLR).
However, I see that if I use cat /proc/i… Continue reading Can I know kernel address layout and memory mapped IO layout from the user privilege in linux kernel?