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Author Archives: Charles

What EXACTLY makes an X.509 certificate "end entity"?

Posted on August 18, 2025 by Charles

Suppose you were writing a certificate display or formatting program and wanted to be able to say "this certificate is [or is not] usable as an end-entity certificate"? What exactly would you look for?
The more or less opposite q… Continue reading What EXACTLY makes an X.509 certificate "end entity"?→

Posted in certificates, key-usage

WPS – How to get all valid pins?

Posted on April 17, 2022 by Charles

There are 10⁷ elements in WPS pin space, because one of the 8 digits is used as the checksum.
But the AP validates each half separately, resulting in 11,000 valid pins. Is it possible to generate all these 11k pins to a wordlist?
If it is … Continue reading WPS – How to get all valid pins?→

Posted in wifi, wordlist, wps

Why hex address addition are not the same in gdb and python [closed]

Posted on February 11, 2021 by Charles

This addition is getting me crazy:
In gdb : p 0xf7e280e0 + 0xefdc8000 = 0xe7bf00e0
In my python(3) script : 0xf7e280e0 + 0xefdc8000 = 0x1e7bf00e0
Why the result is not the same ?

Continue reading Why hex address addition are not the same in gdb and python [closed]→

Posted in Python

Do SAML responses containing encrypted assertions provide protection against MiTM attacks?

Posted on June 29, 2020 by Charles

A previously asked question touches on topics which are very similar to what I am having trouble understanding.
In a web application I am testing, SAML SSO is brokered using Keycloak. The SAML Response messages contain Encrypted Assertions… Continue reading Do SAML responses containing encrypted assertions provide protection against MiTM attacks?→

Posted in saml

i wish to obtain the redacted version this image. please teach me how to do so [on hold]

Posted on November 23, 2019 by Charles

i have a jpg photo that was redacted on a phone using wechat app and we sent to me
i want to undo the redaction is there a way to undo it need it urgently

Continue reading i wish to obtain the redacted version this image. please teach me how to do so [on hold]→

Posted in forensics | Tagged Image

Cyber Incident Simulation tool [on hold]

Posted on December 3, 2017 by Charles

Is there a standard tool for the setup, organisation and deployment of a cyber incident simulation exercise? I’ve looked at NIST SP 800 84, but they don’t seem to recommend any particular tool to create and execute a scenario… Continue reading Cyber Incident Simulation tool [on hold]→

Posted in Incident response

How to secure/cleanup my accounts after having an old email account breached

Posted on February 5, 2016 by Charles

I have two email accounts. My main one that I created a few years ago and switched to, which has a very strong/unique password that is not written down or stored anywhere. It also has 2-factor auth enabled. I have an older em… Continue reading How to secure/cleanup my accounts after having an old email account breached→

Posted in Account Security, email

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