VU#369093: MLflow dspy and statsmodels flavors bypass pickle deserialization control

Overview

A vulnerability in MLflow’s dspy and statsmodels model flavors allows unauthorized pickle deserialization executions despite a safety control. Specifically, the dspy flavor conditionally applies the control based on the model path’s file extension, and the statsmodels flavor does not apply the control.

Description

MLflow is an open-source platform for managing machine learning lifecycles, including model packaging, versioning, and deployment. “Flavors” refer to the specialized frameworks through which supported models are stored and loaded. In response to previous vulnerability concerns, MLflow implemented the MLFLOW_ALLOW_PICKLE_DESERIALIZATION safety control to block and disable executing any pickle deserialization and subsequent loads per the user’s choice.

When loading models through mlflow.pyfunc.load_model(model), users must specify a model flavor and path in an MLmodel file. With the dspy flavor, MLflow checks the value of MLFLOW_ALLOW_PICKLE_DESERIALIZATION, and whether the specified model path ends in .pkl. A model path that does not end in .pkl (even if the file is actually a pickle file), will route to a separate branch for pickle deserialization, bypassing the safety control. However, when loading through the statsmodels flavor, there is no check for MLFLOW_ALLOW_PICKLE_DESERIALIZATION at all.

Impact

Exploitation of this vulnerability allows for arbitrary remote code execution through a malicious pickle-loaded payload, regardless of a user explicitly disallowing pickle serialization, through vulnerable flavor specifications in the MLmodel configuration file. The attack path requires write access to any location from which a user obtains MLflow models. This vulnerability was confirmed against MLflow 3.12.0.

Solution

MLFlow could not be reached to coordinate this vulnerability; however, the statsmodels flavor was patched in versions >= 3.15.0. Users should upgrade immediately. Until a further fix remedying the dspy flavor vulnerability is available, MLflow users who wish to block pickle deserialization and loads should avoid loading any models via the dspy flavor.

Acknowledgements

Thanks to Prasanna Dabi for reporting this vulnerability. This document was written by Alex Lewis.

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VU#212479: Sentry Seer vulnerability allows attacker-controlled input to be executed in a privileged environment

Overview

A vulnerability exists in Sentry Seer when the system is configured to automatically hand issues to a coding agent for remediation. Successful exploitation results in arbitrary code execution within the coding‑agent environment and access to connected source repositories. This vulnerability is tracked as CVE-2026-90999.

Description

Sentry is a software error‑monitoring and performance‑tracking platform used by developers to detect, diagnose, and understand issues in their applications. It collects telemetry such as exceptions, stack traces, logs, and performance data from applications. Built into Sentry, Seer acts as an automated debugging assistant that converts telemetry into actionable remediation steps and can hand off issues to an integrated coding agent to propose code fixes.

Because Sentry front-end projects commonly expose a public DSN (Data Source Name) to allow browsers to submit this telemetry, an attacker can craft and submit malicious events through this public endpoint. When Seer is enabled to automatically pass issues to a coding agent, these attacker-supplied events can traverse multiple trust boundaries. Ultimately, malicious event fields propagate through Seer’s analysis pipeline, transforming into untrusted instructions that the privileged coding agent may execute.

The vulnerable workflow is as follows:
* Sentry ingests attacker‑generated exception events submitted through the public DSN.
* Seer evaluates whether the event represents an issue eligible for automated remediation.
* Seer generates a root‑cause analysis that uses attacker-controlled event fields, including exception messages, stack traces, source context, and breadcrumbs.
* The generated analysis is embedded directly into the initial prompt provided to the coding agent.
* The coding agent interprets the fabricated analysis as a legitimate description of the victim’s codebase.
* During its investigation, the coding agent downloads and executes a package controlled by the attacker.
* The package executes within the coding‑agent environment prior to any human review of a pull request.

Impact

Successful exploitation may allow arbitrary code execution in the coding‑agent environment that processes the affected repository.

Solution

At the time of this writing, no vendor‑supplied patch information has been provided. Mitigations may include disabling automated remediation flows, restricting coding‑agent package installation, or disabling Seer handoff until a fix is available. Additional defensive filtering of telemetry content before Seer analysis may also reduce risk.

Acknowledgements

Thank you to Nikita Benkovich and Vitalii Valkov, agyn for reporting this vulnerability. This document was written by Bob Kemerer.

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VU#369611: ExLlamaV3 contains Denial of Service vulnerability via insufficient bounds checking on kernel dispatch index

Overview

An out-of-bounds (OOB) memory access vulnerability involving unchecked array indexing has been identified in the exllamav3_ext compute unified device architecture (CUDA) extension. Successful exploitation can lead to an immediate denial of service or application instability. This vulnerability is tracked as CVE-2026-84286.

Description

An OOB memory access vulnerability exists in the exllamav3_ext module due to insufficient input validation.

When the kernel parameter K is set to 0 in a crafted input, the extension generates a negative array index, resulting in a CUDA illegal memory access.s. The root cause is a missing bounds check in the kernel-table dispatch process. The checkpoint-derived block index (cbi) is used to access a fixed 24-entry array without confirming that either K or cbi fall within safe limits.

Impact

Primary impacts include Denial of Service (DoS) through process crashes and potential unstable execution states within applications utilizing the library.

Solution

The vendor has addressed this vulnerability in the main repository. Users are advised to update their installations or apply the fix from the merged pull request: https://github.com/turboderp-org/exllamav3/pull/310.

Supply chain

Downstream projects utilizing this library are indirectly exposed to this vulnerability. According to the ExLlamaV3 Dependency Graph, there are 49 total dependencies currently tracking this repository. Notable downstream projects directly affected by this supply chain link include: UnstableLlama / ezexl3 and Ednaordinary / MawDiscord
Developers and maintainers of these dependent repositories are strongly encouraged to rebuild their packages against the patched version of exllamav3_ext.

Acknowledgements

The CERT Coordination Center (CERT/CC) thanks Nathan Keys (professor-moody) for discovering and responsibly reporting this vulnerability.
This AI-assisted vulnerability note was prepared by Laurie Tyzenhaus.

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VU#687587: AOMEI Backupper amwrtdrv.sys local privilege escalation vulnerability allows arbitrary writes to physical disks

Overview

An incorrect permissions assignment vulnerability in the amwrtdrv.sys kernel driver, included with AOMEI Backupper 8.4.0, allows an unprivileged local user to perform arbitrary writes to the physical disk. When Secure Boot is disabled, this can be leveraged to execute arbitrary UEFI-level code before the operating system loads. This allows an attacker to bypass OS-level security controls, including HVCI, EDR solutions, and Microsoft Defender. The attack may also enable capture of BitLocker Volume Master Key (VMK) material, depending on the system’s BitLocker configuration.

Description

AOMEI Backupper from AOMEI International Network Limited is designed to provide backup and disaster recovery services. It also helps individuals and businesses to create system images, disk clones, and file backups. AOMEI Backupper is available as a Windows application and can be integrated into enterprise backup workflows or directly used by end users.

CVE-2026-12780: An Incorrect Permission Assignment for Critical Resource (CWE-732) vulnerability in the amwrtdrv.sys kernel driver used by AOMEI Backupper 8.4.0 allows an unprivileged local attacker to achieve UEFI-level arbitrary code execution by directly writing to physical disk devices. The driver creates a world-accessible device object without a security descriptor, therefore allowing any user-mode process to open the device and issue unrestricted write requests. Hence, an attacker can modify disk sectors in the pre-partition gap (LBA 34–2047), inject a malicious UEFI payload, and alter the GPT to reference the payload as an EFI System Partition. The payload can then execute during the UEFI Boot Device Selection (BDS) phase, before operating system security mechanisms are loaded.

Impact

An attacker with unprivileged local access to a system running AOMEI Backupper 8.4.0 can exploit this vulnerability by opening the world-accessible \\.\mwrtdrv\DISK0 device object and sending specially crafted write commands to an arbitrary physical disk. When Secure Boot is disabled, a successful exploitation allows the attacker to inject UEFI code that executes before the Windows kernel loads, completely bypassing kernel-mode security features including Hyper-V Code Integrity (HVCI), Endpoint Detection and Response (EDR) solutions, Windows Defender, and Hyper-V isolation. On systems using BitLocker with TPM-only protection, this attack vector enables evil maid attacks whereby VMK credentials can be captured during the pre-boot phase Boot Device Selection (BDS) phase.

Solution

Please see the Vendor Information section for patches provided by AOMEI International Network Limited to address this issue. CERT/CC recommends that AOMEI Backupper users update to a version that includes the corrected amwrtdrv.sys driver and implements appropriate access controls.

Users who cannot immediately apply the available update should consider uninstalling AOMEI Backupper. Alternatively, users may disable the amwrtdrv.sys service by changing its start type from AUTO_START to disabled. Enabling Secure Boot in UEFI firmware settings provides additional defense in depth by requiring signed bootloaders, but it does not address the underlying driver vulnerability.

Acknowledgements

Thank you to SiCk / afflicted.sh for reporting this vulnerability. This document was written by Vijay Sarvepalli.

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VU#718077: UEFI Shell module embedded in SPI Flash can be used to bypass Secure Boot

Overview

The UEFI Shell program may expose raw memory access capabilities that, if present in platform firmware for debugging or advanced support use cases, could be abused to undermine UEFI Secure Boot protections. When the UEFI Shell is included in SPI flash, an attacker with the ability to modify UEFI boot configuration may be able to create multiple boot option entries and bypass controls intended to prevent the UEFI Shell from launching while Secure Boot is enabled. This could allow an attacker to modify the pre-boot environment and execute unauthorized software during system startup.

Description

The Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) is a firmware specification that defines the interface between a computing platform’s hardware and operating system (OS) during the early boot process before the operating system is loaded. UEFI Secure Boot helps ensure that only trusted and digitally signed software is executed during these early stages of platform initialization.

The TianoCore EDK II project provides an open-source reference implementation of the UEFI and Platform Initialization (PI) specifications. The project includes the UEFI Shell, which provides command-line utilities for debugging, diagnostics, and advanced platform management. Many OEM and Independent BIOS Vendor (IBV) firmware implementations include the UEFI Shell in SPI flash for service and support purposes. Because the shell executes in the pre-boot environment, it provides powerful commands such as dmem (display memory) and mm (memory modify) that can access physical memory. Many implementations include a boot entry for the UEFI Shell but remove or suppress it when Secure Boot is enabled to reduce the risk of misuse.

A vulnerability disclosed by Eclypsium researcher Stas Lyakhov details a technique in which an attacker with the ability to create additional UEFI boot entries can reference the UEFI Shell even when standard controls are implemented to prevent its execution. An attacker could then exploit the UEFI Shell and its startup scripting capabilities to modify the pre-boot environment, including overwriting Secure Boot-related memory values, and execute unauthorized code during the early boot process.

Impact

An attacker capable of modifying UEFI boot entries may be able to circumvent intended Secure Boot protections and execute arbitrary code before the operating system loads. Code executed during the pre-boot phase may establish persistent access, including the ability to load malicious boot components or kernel-level software that can survive both system reboots and, in some cases, reinstallation of the operating system. Such activity may also reduce the effectiveness of OS-based security controls and endpoint detection and response (EDR) solutions.

Solution

Apply a Patch

Please see the Vendor Information section for responses from vendors that have released updates addressing this issue. Updating UEFI firmware may require OEM-specific tools and deployment processes, as firmware updates are often managed separately from operating system patch management. Follow the guidance provided by your platform vendor when applying firmware updates.

Recommendations for Enterprises

Organizations should review Secure Boot configuration and platform security policies to help prevent or detect unauthorized modifications to UEFI boot entries. Changes to boot configuration should be monitored and audited where possible. Enterprises that use independent endpoint management solutions should consult their OEM vendors for guidance on integrating UEFI firmware updates into their existing firmware lifecycle and patch management processes.

Acknowledgements

Thanks to Stas Lyakhov from Eclypsium for reporting this vulnerability. This document was written by Vijay Sarvepalli.

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VU#859658: Skullcandy Dime 3 wireless earbuds contain an unauthenticated Bluetooth pairing vulnerability

Overview

Skullcandy Dime 3 wireless earbuds, running firmware version 1.0.0.28, accept a new Bluetooth Classic (BR/EDR) pairing request from an unpaired device without requiring the earbuds to be placed into pairing mode or requiring any physical confirmation or interaction from the owner.

Description

The Skullcandy Dime 3 (Model S2DCW) wireless earbuds, running firmware version 1.0.0.28, accept a new Bluetooth Classic (BR/EDR) pairing request from a previously unpaired device without the device being placed into pairing mode by the owner and without physical confirmation on the earbuds. The device’s Bluetooth PnP modalias identifies the chipset vendor as Airoha Technology Corp. (Bluetooth SIG company ID 0x0094). This vulnerability was previously disclosed in CVE-2025-20701 and is described as: In the Airoha Bluetooth audio SDK, there is a possible way to pair Bluetooth audio device without user consent. This could lead to remote escalation of privilege with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.

An attacker is required to be within Bluetooth radio range to the target earbuds, but no prior pairing, physical access, or interaction with the earbuds’ buttons or case is required to exploit the vulnerability. A direct pairing request to the earbuds’ known or discovered Bluetooth Classic address can be sent without a PIN, passkey, or physical confirmation. The pairing/bonding completes without owner action due to the device’s NoInputNoOutput I/O capability. The firmware version displayed on the affected Skullcandy Dime 3 wireless earbuds is 1.0.0.28.

Impact

Once bonded, the attacker’s device is added as a trusted device and can reconnect automatically whenever in range. This allows an attacker to establish an A2DP audio transport, which interrupts the legitimate user’s active connection to their own device. The only indication to the legitimate user is an audible “New device paired” notification, given after the unauthorized pairing has already succeeded, providing no opportunity to block it in advance. This could allow an attacker to hijack the audio session or, depending on device capabilities, potentially access other services exposed over the same Bluetooth Classic connection. An attacker can also access the Dime 3’s Hands-Free/Headset profile and capture live microphone audio.

Solution

The vendor considers the CVE-2025-20701 patch in version 1.0.0.30 to be effective. However, Skullcandy confirmed that the Dime 3 does not support firmware updates through the Skullcandy application. Existing units running the vulnerable firmware cannot currently be updated by customers through the app. As of this writing, there are no known consumer-accessible methods to update an existing unit from the affected firmware version 1.0.0.28 to version 1.0.0.30.

Acknowledgements

Thank you to Jacob Nowak for reporting this vulnerability. This document was written by Bob Kemerer.

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VU#943094: ONLYOFFICE ownCloud integration plugin contains a Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF) vulnerability

Overview

A Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF) vulnerability exists in Ascensio System SIA’s ONLYOFFICE ownCloud integration plugin (version 9.12). The plugin’s backend endpoint does not adequately validate the user‑supplied document server URL before initiating outbound connections. An authenticated administrator can exploit this flaw to coerce the ownCloud server into issuing arbitrary network requests to attacker‑controlled destinations.

Description

The ownCloud ecosystem delivers a platform for enterprise file collaboration, providing capabilities for storing, syncing, and sharing data across devices. Ascensio System SIA’s ONLYOFFICE provides a connector that integrates with ownCloud, enabling users to open and edit files directly within the cloud storage environment.

When configuring the ONLYOFFICE document server within ownCloud, the plugin accepts a document server parameter and attempts to verify the supplied URL by initiating a connection directly from the ownCloud server. As detailed in CVE-2026-84282, the application does not restrict or sanitize this parameter, allowing an authenticated administrator to provide arbitrary URLs, including internal network hosts or localhost addresses. By submitting crafted configuration requests to the /apps/onlyoffice/ajax/settings/address endpoint, an attacker can instruct the server to make outbound requests to internal systems that are otherwise inaccessible externally. Differences in returned error messages (such as connection failures versus SSL/TLS negotiation errors) enable the attacker to distinguish between open and closed TCP ports, facilitating internal network reconnaissance and port enumeration. The outbound requests originate from the ownCloud server, demonstrating server‑side request execution consistent with an SSRF vulnerability. This vulnerability could allow an attacker to abuse the ownCloud server infrastructure as a proxy to send malicious content to targeted systems.

Impact

Successful exploitation allows an authenticated administrator to:
* Trigger arbitrary outbound network requests from the ownCloud server (SSRF).
* Access and probe localhost services (127.0.0.1) not reachable externally.
* Perform internal network reconnaissance and port scanning.
* Identify open and closed TCP ports through response‑based side channels.
* Increase the attack surface for potential follow‑on exploitation of internal services.

Solution

Unfortunately, the vendor could not be reached to coordinate this vulnerability. While an official patch is not available at this time, there are a few general recommendations that may help mitigate this vulnerability. Disable or remove the plugin until a patched version is released. Network‑level egress controls should be applied to limit outbound connections from the ownCloud server to authorized destinations only.

Acknowledgements

Thank you to Nguyen Huy Hoang, Nguyen Vu Long and Nguyen Tien Dat of ETC JSC for reporting this vulnerability. This document was written by Bob Kemerer.

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VU#889462: Casdoor authentication server is vulnerable to authorization bypass

Overview

Casdoor is an open-source Access Management (IAM) platform used to manage web applications. An authorization bypass vulnerability affects Casdoor versions 3.115.0 and earlier. The vulnerability allows a non-global organization administrator to perform unauthorized administrative actions against arbitrary organizations by exploiting inconsistent object resolution between the authorization layer and downstream controllers. In multi-tenant deployments, an attacker with administrative privileges within a single organization can bypass tenant isolation and perform administrative operations against other organizations.

Description

CVE-2026-15630.
The vulnerability stems from a desynchronization between authorization and action in multiple POST /api/{add,delete}- endpoints (e.g., /api/add-user, /api/delete-user, /api/add-permission). While the global authorization filter (routers/authzfilter.go) correctly uses the ?id= URL query parameter as the authoritative target for authorization decisions, the affected controllers (controllers/user.go, controllers/permission.go, etc.) ignore ?id= and operate solely on the owner and name fields in the JSON request body. As a result, authorization is evaluated against one object while the requested operation is executed against another, allowing an authenticated organization administrator (IsAdmin=true) to perform unauthorized administrative actions across tenant boundaries.

Impact

An attacker with administrative privileges in a single organization can compromise the isolation guarantees of a multi-tenant Casdoor deployment. Depending on the exposed endpoints and deployment configuration, successful exploitation can allow for administrative operations including user management, privilege management and disruption of single sign-on (SSO) or Security Assertion Markup Language (SAML) identity. The overall impact can escalate to a complete compromise of tenant isolation and, in some deployment scenarios, potential compromise of the entire Casdoor instance.

Solution

Unfortunately, we were unable to reach Casdoor to coordinate this vulnerability. Therefore, at the time of this publication, no vendor patch is known to be available. If upgrading to a fixed release is not yet possible, organizations can consider the following mitigations:

  • Enforce least privilege by minimizing the number of accounts with IsAdmin=true, disabling any workflows that automatically grant admin privilege
  • Require multi-factor authentication (MFA) for all administrative accounts and/or administrative actions
  • Alert on cross-organization administrative activity, including:
    • Creation of administrator accounts
    • Deletion of users belonging to other organizations
    • Modification of permissions across organizational boundaries using wildcard resources=[""] or actions=[""] permissive Casbin rules.
  • Investigate unexplained reductions in user counts or administrative objects within any organization.

Acknowledgements

Thank you to Louis Sanchez of Voke Cyber for reporting this vulnerability. This document was written by Alexander Curtis.

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VU#456290: Hugging Face Transformers library writes remote code to disk prior to consent check

Overview

A vulnerability in the Hugging Face Transformers library (versions 4.49.0 through 5.8.1) allows remote, attacker‑controlled Python files to be written to the local disk without user authorization. The library performs a remote module fetch and local cache write before evaluating the trust_remote_code consent prompt, violating the security contract enforced across other dynamic module-loading paths in the library.

Description

Hugging Face Transformers serves as a primary framework for defining and operating modern machine learning models including NLP, computer vision, audio, video, and multimodal systems, for both training and inference. As detailed in CVE‑2026‑80047, affected versions (4.49.0 through 5.8.1) implement GenerativePreTrainedModel.load_custom_generate() such that the library fetches and caches a remote Python module via get_cached_module_file() before evaluating user consent by resolve_trust_remote_code(). Although execution of the module is correctly gated, the initial file write is unconditional. As a result, remote code from a repository’s custom_generate/generate.py is copied into ~/.cache/huggingface/modules regardless of whether the user ultimately approves or declines the trust prompt. This behavior differs from other remote code-loading mechanisms in the Transformers library (including AutoConfig, AutoModel, AutoTokenizer, and AutoImageProcessor), all of which perform trust_remote_code verification before fetching or writing any remote Python content. The root cause is an unconditional file copy operation in dynamic_module_utils.py that occurs prior to consent evaluation and cannot be rolled back. An attacker may publish a model repository containing a malicious custom_generate/generate.py file. Any downstream user who loads the model reference triggers the file‑write behavior without requiring elevated privileges or additional interaction beyond the initial load attempt.

Impact

The vulnerability results in persistent unauthorized Python files being written to the user’s local module cache. This content remains on the disk even if the user declines the trust prompt. In environments where cache paths are reused, previously written attacker files may be served later during trusted model loads, which could enable unintended execution of cached code.

Solution

At the time of writing, no vendor-provided patch or advisory is available. Users should avoid invoking load_custom_generate() with untrusted model repositories and periodically inspect or clear the Hugging Face module cache (~/.cache/huggingface/modules) to remove unexpected content. Implementations should ensure that trust_remote_code checks occur prior to any remote content retrieval or local file writes.

Acknowledgements

Thank you to Prasanna Dabi for reporting this vulnerability. This document was written by Bob Kemerer.

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VU#308749: Remote Code Execution and Arbitrary File Read Vulnerabilities in Kaltura Servers

Overview

The Kaltura HTML5 Player V2 Library (mwEmbed / html5lib) contains two vulnerabilities, both involving the same insecure deserialization flaw, that enable arbitrary file read and remote code execution. Affected versions include html5lib v2.45, v2.103 and earlier, and other v2.x releases that expose the vulnerable mwEmbedLoader.php endpoint. Notably, only versions of the legacy player (Player V2) are vulnerable; these issues do not affect any versions of the currently supported Kaltura Player V7.

Description

Kaltura is an AI video platform that provides tools for video management, publishing, playback, and integration with web applications. Kaltura’s HTML5 player library exposes the mwEmbedLoader.php endpoint, which accepts a user-controlled ServiceUrl parameter as the target URL for backend API requests. The KalturaClientBase PHP client library fetches data from this URL and automatically deserializes it using PHP’s unserialize() function without validating source, scheme, or content.

CVE-2026-19913 results from the combination of this unsafe deserialization flaw and improper error-handling behavior. An attacker can provide the location of a local file to ServiceUrl as a file:// path, and the client will fetch the internal file’s contents and attempt to deserialize them. When deserialization fails, the raw bytes are reflected back to the client in the resulting error message, enabling the attacker to read any file accessible to the web-server user.

CVE-2026-19912 is caused by insufficient sanitization of the parameter uiconf_id, which is appended to the base cache folder path when the application writes data to disk. Because this value is user-controlled and unsanitized, an attacker can supply values that include directory traversal sequences such as ../ to redirect file writes outside the intended cache directory. When the deployment uses the default file-based cache backend, an attacker can direct ServiceUrl to a malicious serialized object containing executable PHP code, then supply a uiconf_id path value that writes its deserialized fields to a web-accessible directory. The attacker can then request the file directly to achieve remote code execution as the web-server user. A memcache-only backend may suppress the file write and prevent this specific code-execution path, but the underlying unsafe deserialization behavior and unsanitized path construction remain present.

Impact

These vulnerabilities allow a remote, unauthenticated attacker to read arbitrary local files and execute arbitrary commands as the web-server user. No authentication or Kaltura session token is required to exploit either issue; an attacker only needs network access to the affected html5lib endpoint.

CVE-2026-19913 can be abused to obtain database credentials, administrative secrets, API keys, or any other sensitive information hosted on the affected instance. Remote code execution achieved through CVE-2026-19912 allows an attacker to modify or exfiltrate platform data, deploy tools for persistence and lateral movement, and further compromise affected Kaltura deployments. Because the affected endpoint is also exposed on Kaltura’s shared, multi-tenant CDN infrastructure, these vulnerabilities affect not only individual customer installations, but also every tenant served by these shared hosts.

Solution

Kaltura has released new patches to remediate these vulnerabilities in all affected legacy Player V2 versions. Customers using legacy players, including self-hosted legacy player deployments (html5lib v2.x), should update to the patched version or, preferably, migrate to the newer and currently supported Kaltura Player V7 platform. Until the update is applied, users are advised to restrict or disable access to the mwEmbedLoader.php endpoint.

Acknowledgements

Thanks to Gerjan Wemekamp (AndDone) for researching and reporting these vulnerabilities. This document was written by Molly Jaconski.

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