I am signing (HMAC) outgoing webhooks to allow users to verify their source, should I also sign outgoing responses?

To allow api users to verify the authenticity of outgoing webhooks, I am using a similar model to slack:

Concatenate timestamp and body, HMAC with pre-shared key, add timestamp and HMAC digest to headers.
Recipient does the same, and com… Continue reading I am signing (HMAC) outgoing webhooks to allow users to verify their source, should I also sign outgoing responses?→

Can string comparison realistically be exploited in a timing attack on a web server?

Suppose you have the following code in Node:

const { token } = req.body
const hash = crypto.createHmac(‘sha256’, SECRET).update(token).digest(‘hex’)
const user = await User.findById(req.session.userId)

if (hash === user.rem… Continue reading Can string comparison realistically be exploited in a timing attack on a web server?→

Why after dd’ing ISO file to entire USB flash device, only the first partition match the ISO checksum?

I use dd to “burn” an ISO file to USB stick:

dd bs=4M if=/mnt/media/ISO/Fedora-Workstation-Live-x86_64-31-1.9.iso of=/dev/sdd conv=fdatasync status=progress

Now I can see several partitions has been created:

sdd 8… Continue reading Why after dd’ing ISO file to entire USB flash device, only the first partition match the ISO checksum?→