Is it secure to send JWT tokens in url query parameters if we use nonce to make it a one time token?

Websockets don’t support sending auth tokens during websocket handshake as part of HTTP headers, rather only via query parameters. This has a security risk of leaking these tokens in server logs. However, if we create these JWT tokens with… Continue reading Is it secure to send JWT tokens in url query parameters if we use nonce to make it a one time token?

Cache poisoning from rfc6455 (WebSockets) not requiring server message to be masked?

In RFC6455 section 10.3, it explains why they have made clients mask their outgoing frames (so that a malicious server cannot manipulate a client into sending something in plaintext, as the message could be a HTTP request which could be us… Continue reading Cache poisoning from rfc6455 (WebSockets) not requiring server message to be masked?

Why is the browser not sending cookies with cross-domain WebSocket handshake request?

If I have understood Cross-Site WebSocket Hijacking (CSWSH) attack correctly [1][2][3][4], the attack relies on two things (examples are from the first reference):

the browser sending the cookies set by the victim domain (www.some-trading… Continue reading Why is the browser not sending cookies with cross-domain WebSocket handshake request?

Can a client script (running within a webpage) provide to the browser a certificate to accept in a wss:// connection?

Can a client script provide to the browser a certificate to accept in a wss:// connection? The WebSocket constructor does not seem to have many options.
(I am designing an IoT server that lets the owner share access with other users by ema… Continue reading Can a client script (running within a webpage) provide to the browser a certificate to accept in a wss:// connection?

How does masking in WebSockets prevent cache poisoning if the attacker can write their own WebSocket client?

I’ve been reading about WebSockets, and learned that they apply masking of messages using a XOR cipher. This is done in order to prevent attackers from being able to make the data they send using WebSockets look like an HTTP request, becau… Continue reading How does masking in WebSockets prevent cache poisoning if the attacker can write their own WebSocket client?

How to Remediate a Cross-Site WebSocket Vulnerability

Today, many leading industries and modern enterprises have switched from processing and acting on data stored in databases to data in flight. How? Through real-time applications. One way to enable this is WebSocket, but it comes with vulnerabilities as well.  What Is WebSocket? Real-time applications operate within an immediate time frame; sensing, analyzing and acting […]

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Continue reading How to Remediate a Cross-Site WebSocket Vulnerability

How do I stop external sites from doing ws://localhost and doing funny things to non-HTTP servers? [duplicate]

Discovered a certain site that I would rather not link was being mean and probing a bunch of ports with ws://127.0.0.1:port and wss://127.0.0.1:port. I want to put a stop to it, but how? Then discovered ebay was doing the same thing and on… Continue reading How do I stop external sites from doing ws://localhost and doing funny things to non-HTTP servers? [duplicate]